The battle of Poitiers ends, on the third day, with victory for the English and the capture of the French king, John II. Zhu Yuanzhang, a one-time Buddhist novice now leading a major rebellion against the Yuan dynasty, captures Nanjing and makes it his capital. John of Gaunt marries his cousin, Blanche of Lancaster, heiress to vast estates in the north of England.
After four years of captivity in Bordeaux and London, the French king John II is released for a promised ransom of 3 million gold crowns. A great clock is completed in Padua, regulated mechanically by foliot and escapement.
Go to escapement in A Dictionary of Physics 6 ed. Portable guns are introduced not long after artillery, being mentioned in several European texts of the second half of the fourteenth century. Go to gun in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. A narrator who calls himself Will, and whose name may be Langland, begins the epic poem of Piers Plowman.
Go to Chaucer, Geoffrey c. Go to Ming in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Zhu Yuanzhang captures Beijing, ending Mongol rule and the Yuan dynasty in China, and declaring his own Ming 'brilliant' dynasty. On the fall of the Yuan dynasty, replaced by the Ming, Tibet declares its independence from China. The marriage of the duke of Burgundy to the heiress of Flanders lays the foundation for the great territorial expansion of Burgundy. The Persian poet Hafiz perfects a form of short poem, the ghazal , dwelling on the pleasures of life with an undercurrent of Sufi mysticism.
Kanami and Zeami Motokiyo please the shogun with their theatrical performance, and his patronage begins the tradition of Japan's No theatre. John Wycliffe, writing mainly in Oxford, is critical of the contemporary church and can find no basis for the pope's authority.
Go to Wycliffe, John c. The papal curia returns to Rome in what would seem a conclusive move if there were not, two years later, two popes - one of them elected back in Avignon.
Jogaila inherits a pagan Lithuanian kingdom which has been extended as far south as Kiev. John Hawkwood, a condottiere in command of the White Company, is appointed captain general of Florence. Go to condottiere in A Dictionary of World History 2 ed. Koreans establish the first type foundry, casting movable type in bronze.
Go to movable type in A Dictionary of Media and Communication 1 ed. With the development of clocks, the hour becomes a fixed period of time - one twenty-fourth part of the day. Go to hour noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Dimitri, grand prince of Moscow, leads other Russian princes in a crushing victory over the Mongols on the Kulikovo plain. The Venetian blockade of Chioggia costs Genoa her fleet and ends Genoese rivalry with Venice in the eastern Mediterranean. A poll tax imposed in England provokes widespread unrest, which flares up in the Peasants' Revolt.
Go to Tyler, Wat d. Timur begins twenty years of almost continuous conquest with the capture and destruction of Herat. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the signore of Milan, sets about enlarging his territory - seizing Vicenza, Verona and Padua between and The victory at Aljubarrota, securing the Portuguese throne for John I, is commemorated in the Dominican abbey called Batalha. Chaucer completes Troilus and Criseyde , his long poem about a legendary love affair in ancient Troy. John I, newly victorious in Portugal, proposes an alliance with England which has never been revoked.
A clock, designed only to strike the hours, is installed in Salisbury cathedral and is still working today. Jadwiga, year-old queen of Poland, marries Jogaila, her year-old pagan neighbour - uniting the crowns of Poland and Lithuania.
Jogaila, baptized a Roman Catholic before marrying Jadwiga, brings Lithuania into the Christian fold - the last part of Europe to be converted. Chaucer begins an ambitious scheme for Canterbury Tales , of which he completes only 24 by the time of his death. Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state. Go to Robert III c. Fan vaulting becomes part of the Gothic tradition, seen to perfection in the cloisters of Gloucester cathedral.
Go to Elbe in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Charles VI, king of France, suffers the first of many violent fits of madness. Yi Song-gye founds the Yi dynasty, which rules in Korea until the twentieth century. Go to Sluter, Claus c.
The keyboard of the organ is adapted in Germany to strings, thus providing the harpsichord - first mentioned in a manuscript of this year. Go to harpsichord in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Golden Pavilion in Kyoto is built by the shogun Yoshimitsu as his own villa. With the coronation of the year-old Eric of Pomerania, the crowns of Denmark, Norway and Sweden are formally united for the first time.
Timur devastates Delhi and loots treasure to take back to Samarkand on elephants. A dangerous feud develops between two of England's most powerful barons, Henry of Bolingbroke son of John of Gaunt and Thomas de Mowbray.
Henry of Bolingbroke returns to England to lead an armed rebellion against his cousin the king. Guilds of singers and song-writers develop in German towns, calling themselves Meistersinger, or master singers. Craftsmen and treasures arrive in large numbers in Samarkand, sent home from Timur's travels of conquest. Go to Samarkand in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Richard II dies in Pontefract castle, almost certainly starved to death on the orders of the new king - insecure on his throne as an undeniable usurper.
Edwards army was routed at Bannockburn which secured the independence of Scotland. His manual on anatomy will be the first that is founded on practical dissection. Repeal of the Ordinances.
They and the King enjoyed 5 years of rule. Mortimer and Isabella landed in England and were joined by a large section of the baronage. The Despensers were caught and hanged and King Edward fled but was captured and brought to Kenilworth Castle. He resigns his crown in favour of his 13 year old son. Isabella and Mortimer ruled in the name of the young king. Edward was taken from Kenilworth to Berkeley Castle where he was probably murdered.
The English accept a treaty that Scotland is free and independent of England. At the end of this year parliament voted a poll tax to be levied at the heavy rate of 1s in order to finance the military campaigns planned. He is also vocal in criticism of the Catholic Church. Unwilling to modify his rhetoric, he is forced to leave Oxford, and his works are to be banned by the university. The clock was destroyed during the Reformation. Church power is in decline. The Crusades are at an end. The 14th Century, a brief chronology and timeline of British History will evolve here Our 14th century chronology and timelines are being created and curated but already via each century page you can quickly locate our collections for each years of history.
Some features of this site may not work without it. The Crisis of the 14th Century. Download PDF Viewer. Contributor s Bauch, Martin editor. Show full item record.
Abstract Societal and environmental change not only coincide during the period —, they interact: What has been long discussed as the 'Crisis of the 14th Century' is happening during a shifting climatic regime, from the Medieval Climate Anomaly to the onset of the Little Ice Age. Portuguese ships offloaded cargoes of figs, raisins, dyes, leather and honey and left laden with broadcoths, hangings, tin, lead and Welsh cloth.
The ability to move food and livestock around the country with relative speed facilitated the commercialization of medieval England but it was not always easy when encumbered.
On 13 May they set off, picking up more help and animals as they went. The trip took twelve days and involved passage of the Trent on a ferry at Littleborough. In the later fourteenth century diets became more diversified.
In London, in a tariff was established for the foods habitually prepared by its cooks, including roasts and pasties of fish, fowl and game. The patrons for these fast foods were not only travellers and single people but also the urban poor who could not afford to maintain a kitchen and even middle sized houses often did not have their own ovens and relied on the services of bakers for their pies and flans. Spices such as pepper, cloves, cinnamon, ginger and saffron were desired for preservation and flavouring but could not be afforded by all.
Peasants ate more vegetables than their lords and richer neighbours and taverns proliferated, providing the thick nutritious ale which formed a growing part of the nutrition of rich and poor alike.
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